Editor’s note: This is part one of a series on basic assessments from EMS World.
Some of us have a hard time with basic assessments because they are either not practiced enough or are difficult to master.
As EMTs and paramedics, we work in a fast-paced industry that is perpetually moving forward with research and new practices. Because we constantly encounter new information and methods, it’s more important than ever to remember the basics.
This miniseries is designed to help strengthen and refresh your basic assessment skills.
Part 1: The Pedal Pulse
Dreaded by many, found by even fewer. This finicky pulse point, also known as the dorsalis pedis artery, is the first topic in this series.
Anatomy of the Pedal Pulse
Found on the dorsal aspect of the foot, the dorsalis pedis artery begins on the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and ends just before the proximal aspect of the first intermetatarsal space — between the big toe and second toe.
Being a peripheral artery, the dorsalis pedis is responsible for supplying your foot with blood. Though not the most popular choice for paramedics, this artery plays an important role in helping to assess peripheral circulation.
Landmarking
This anterior-lying artery is the most distal pulse point that a paramedic assesses. Despite its location, close to the top layer of skin, the dorsalis pedis artery can be very difficult to locate.
When assessing any pulse, paramedics are encouraged to use their index and middle finger. The thumb has always been discouraged as an assessment tool as it has its own artery that runs down the center, resulting in a pulse presence that can be confused for the patient’s pulse.
Unlike the carotid, which is larger and considerably closer to the heart, the pedal pulse does not require a firm pressure to locate. In fact, the harder you push, the easier it is to miss. Using a lighter touch might be the difference between locating and not locating the pedal pulse.
Why You Check for a Pedal Pulse
Paramedics generally agree that taking off a patient’s sock is a relatively “rookie move.” However, there are times when an assessment of the pedal pulse is a necessity. Here are a few.
Trauma
Any trauma that results in injury to a lower limb should warrant a circulation check. When splinting a suspected fracture or bandaging a hemorrhage, a pre- and post-circulation check should be performed.
The presence or absence of a pedal pulse alongside complaints of deficits should raise suspicion. Once found, the pedal pulse should be marked as a reference point for reassessments and for ease of location for hospital staff.
Deficit complaints
Any time a patient remarks that they are experiencing numbness or tingling, it would be wise to check circulation of that limb. Though not common without some type of associated trauma or comorbidity such as diabetes, the absence of a pedal pulse alongside complaints of pain warrants further investigation.
Inability to ambulate
If a patient is unable (or not unwilling) to ambulate and has associated limb complaints, it would be worthwhile to assess circulation. Any spontaneous cessation of ambulation without trauma should raise suspicion.
Conditions That Complicate Pedal Pulse Assessment
Peripheral Edema
Any degree of peripheral edema increases the difficulty of locating a pedal pulse. It is common knowledge in medicine that water is not gravity-friendly and often collects in the limbs, resulting in bilateral edema that can be very painful.
Not only does increased swelling make it difficult to locate a pedal pulse, but the patient may have a very low pain tolerance toward your probing. This is because the skin is stretching, which can result in “seeping.” Seeping is when serous fluid exits the top layer of skin, with or without the presence of an injury.
Trauma
As previously mentioned, any type of trauma to a dependent limb can complicate the assessment of a pedal pulse. Due diligence should be performed when assessing circulation in the case of a traumatic leg injury.
Hypothermia
When the body shunts blood to the core, peripheral circulation is affected. Pulses might be faint or absent depending on the length of time and temperature exposure.
Shock
Any type of shock that affects central circulation brings the potential for weak or absent peripheral pulses. This includes mechanical (cardiogenic), hypovolemic, neurogenic (spinal), and systemic shocks (anaphylactic and septic).
What to Do If You Cannot Find the Pedal Pulse
Fortunately, there are other techniques besides pedal pulses to determine peripheral circulation.
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Sight: How does the limb present? Is it blue, pale, mottled, or normal in color? Is it attached or partially amputated? Is it in normal alignment, or does it look out of alignment?
- Touch: How does the foot feel? Is it cold or warm? When you press down, does the skin blanch (cap refill assessment) and immediately return to normal? Or is there a delay to return of normal coloring in the formally blanched area? A delayed cap fill can indicate perfusion concerns and should be used in conjunction with a thorough patient exam and history. When assessing cap refill on a foot, you can use the nail beds or heel. However, a cap refill can be used on all aspects of the foot.
- Listen: Listen to what your patient is saying about his or her foot. Is it tingling? Burning? Numb? Pins and needles? All of these complaints indicate a circulation check. (Yes, that means the sock has to come off.)
Conclusion
A thorough patient assessment and gathering of history helps determine a proper treatment plan. This involves any type of medical intervention, immobilization techniques, and method of extrication.
When assessments are performed correctly, we learn how to work smarter, not harder. After all, no paramedic likes it when the triage nurse asks a question that we don’t have an answer to because our assessments fell short. Stay safe out there!